We characterized tumor vascularity, extracellular pH (pHe), and tumor lactate in various tumor models, focusing on prostate cancer. Spatial mapping demonstrated that vascular blood flow and permeability varied significantly in well-vascularized regions across tumor models and that the fraction of tumor necrosis was higher in the human than the murine models. The spatially most heterogeneous tumor type was characterized by the lowest lactate, a pHe of ~7.1 in well-vascularized regions, with lower pHe in less vascularized regions, and increasing lactate with decreasing vascular blood flow and permeability.
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