The concept of global left ventricular force-length loops is introduced as a method for quantifying the contribution to stroke work resulting from longitudinal and radial pumping mechanics, and validated in an animal model. The force-length loops can be derived noninvasively using cardiovascular magnetic resonance and a brachial cuff pressure. We found that longitudinal and radial pumping contributes equally to stroke work in healthy controls and patients with dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy, but that the longitudinal pumping is more energy efficient in delivering stroke volume compared to radial pumping.
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