Jeffrey C. Weinreb 1
1Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
The association between GBCAs and NSF has led the medical community to ask, Why did it happen and what have we learned? A confluence of factors conspired to cause a lag in identifying this association, including the perceived advantage compared with iodinated agents in CIN, high dose CE-MRA, physician engagement, record keeping, pharmcovigilance infrastructure, and new dialysis regimens. < 500 cases of NSF are reported, and severe forms occur only in patients with AKI or severe to end-stage CKD, usually on dialysis. Most high risk patients do not develop NSF, and the number of new cases