Separation of BOLD and non-BOLD drifts in multi-echo fMRI

Its known that fMRI time series tend to slowly drift, and removing drifts using linear regression also removes slow BOLD changes that might be occurring. Conventional single echo fMRI cannot separate non-BOLD based signal drifts from neurally related changes in BOLD. In this study, we demonstrate that multi-echo independent components analysis (MEICA) (Kundu, 2012) of multi-echo fMRI data can separate these two mixed low frequency signals and show very slow BOLD changes in the visual cortex from visual stimulation with slowly varying contrast and in resting state.

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