The recently discovered glymphatic system has become an exciting area of research because of its broad implications in both normal neurophysiological activities and neurological disorders. However, the exact relationship between the vascular system and the glymphatic system in terms of waste clearance for the brain is unclear . In addition to the glymphatic system, our preliminary MRI results suggest that the venous (but not the arterial) system also directly participates in waste removal. Fully elucidating the roles of the venous and glymphatic systems in waste removal from the brain is important for understanding the influence of waste clearance on neurological diseases.
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