We developed a chronic olfactory bulb preparation compatible with repetitive imaging of the same mice with BOLD-fMRI (17.2 T), functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) and two-photon laser scanning microscopy. BOLD-fMRI and fUS mesoscopic signals are highly correlated with microscopic vascular and dendritic neuronal signals in response to odour concentrations. Furthermore, minimal odour stimulation reveals that there is no threshold of neuronal activation below which functional hyperemia is not triggered, warranting measurement of blood flow dynamics to detect the lowest levels of brain activation. These data establish the strengths and limits of mesoscopic imaging techniques to report neural activity.
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