Three-dimensional (3D) functional MRI (fMRI) can be superior in localization of activation signals compared to two-dimensional (2D) fMRI because higher spatial resolution can be acquired due to potentially higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thinner slices. However in 3D, physiological noise reduces SNR due to higher signal at the k-space center; thus the number of slices should be decreased to reduce physiological noise. With Fourier encoding, acquiring a small number of slices results in excessive Gibbs ringing. In this study, we propose Hadamard reconstruction for 3D fMRI acquisition to avoid the artifact caused from Fourier encoding and return higher SNR.
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