Measuring ATP energy metabolism in human subjects by conventional 31P saturation transfer (ST) is challenging because of multiple competing metabolic pathways, high SAR, and artifacts caused by the prolonged B1-saturation pulses. EKIT (exchange kinetics by inversion transfer) allows magnetization transfer (MT) to evolve in the absence of B1 pulsing and multiple pathways can be probed by inverting all spins individually, but the process is time consuming and MT effects are small. A multi-module EBIT technique (exchange kinetics by band inversion transfer) addresses these issues and provides a comprehensive picture of ATP kinetics in human skeletal muscle.
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