Infancy and childhood are important developmental periods punctuated by rapid brain development and cognitive growth, however, direct and longitudinal analysis of the relationships between maturing brain structure and evolving cognitive skill in human infants is sparse. Here we used longitudinal and myelin-sensitive MRI measures from a large cohort of neurotypical children to examine patterns of myelination throughout the brain and link these patterns to concurrently evolving motor, visual, and language skills. Results revealed a core system of central brain regions that contributed broadly across cognitive domains as well as domain-specific regions that align with known functional specialization.
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