Optogenetic stimulation with BOLD-fMRI has been applied in studies of brain circuits, by selectively exciting optical fluorophores with wavelength-specific light. However, the light used for stimulation may induce non-negligible heating effects. Because BOLD fMRI is mainly based on relatively long TE gradient-recalled echo acquisitions that are also suitable for measuring temperature changes with the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift, we can monitor simultaneously the neural effects and laser-associated heating. We proposed a processing pipeline to calculate temperatures from BOLD images based on PRF shift thermometry and detect small temperature rises induced by laser-associated heating with general linear modeling.
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