EPR oximetry using the OxyChip can provide direct and repeated measurement of tissue oxygen; however, a significant limitation is its inability to identify the location of the probe in the tissue. We report the development of an OxyChip embedded with gold nanoparticles to visualize the implant using clinical ultrasound or CT. In vitro characterization, imaging, and histopathology of the probe using tissue phantoms, excised tissues, and in vivo animal models demonstrated a substantial enhancement of CT contrast with OxyChip-GNP without compromising its oxygen-sensing properties or biocompatibility. The OxyChip-GNP can facilitate precisely localized in vivo oxygen measurements in the clinical setting.
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