Multi-dimensional MR spectroscopy is frequently used for the probing of MR properties including the characterization of the water–fat environment in body applications. Previously, many studies used an ad-hoc multi-step approach where the fitting of the spectral content and the signal modelling was performed in separate steps albeit the theoretically compromised precision when compared to a joint fitting and modelling approach. ALFONSO allows the convenient and yet flexible definition of joint fitting and modelling strategies. Its utility and supremacy are demonstrated for the quantification of fat fraction in the liver, ADC in bone marrow and lipid droplet size in a phantom
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