This study investigated the changes in brain microstructure in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) combined with machine learning. Neurite density index (NDI) was significantly decreased in white matter, orientation dispersion index (ODI) was significantly decreased in gray matter, and volume fraction of isotropic water molecules (Viso) was significantly increased in the aMCI group. Further correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses showed NODDI may reflect the clinical cognitive status of aMCI. NODDI combined with a machine learning algorithm could be a promising alternative for early diagnosis of MCI.
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