Second-order motion-compensated diffusion encoding gradient waveforms cause substantial eddy currents (ECs), which can violate the linear-system assumption of a gradient impulse response function and thus require a dedicated measurement and reconstruction approach. Using a 3-dimensional spectroscopic imaging method, diffusion encoding gradient-induced ECs were characterized and non-linear effects were identified. When accounting for zeroth- and first-order diffusion encoding gradient-induced ECs besides off-resonance and trajectory-induced concomitant fields and ECs, image distortions could be adequately mitigated in echo-planar and spiral in vivo second-order motion-compensated cardiac diffusion tensor imaging sequences.
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