Keywords: Diffusion/other diffusion imaging techniques, CancerAccurate assessment of the presence or absence of muscle invasiveness in bladder cancer is essential for selecting the best treatment options. In this study, we used 6 diffusion models including mono-exponential model (Mono), continuous-time random-walk (CTRW), incoherent motion within the voxel (IVIM), stretched exponential model (SEM), diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and fractional-order calculus (FROC) model to assess muscle invasiveness in bladder cancer. The study showed that Mono,CTRW,IVIM,SEM and DKI could provide biomarkers for muscle invasion and distinguish non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and the combination of CTRW and FROC could further improve the classification accuracy.
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