Keywords: Diffusion/other diffusion imaging techniques, Validation, Histology Connectome Axon radius Deep learningRobust MRI-based axon radius estimation is sensitive to a tail-weighted estimate of the ensemble-average axon radius, i.e., the effective axon radius ($$$r_{eff}$$$). Existing validation studies of $$$r_{eff}$$$ in the human brain are confounded because the histological gold standard cannot representatively sample the tail of the axon radii distribution due to limited sample size. We compare in vivo, MRI-based $$$r_{eff}$$$ of five healthy adults against a representative histological gold standard of three donors in the human corpus callosum and demonstrate that spatial patterns of the $$$r_{eff}$$$ along the anterior-posterior axis agree between in vivo MRI and ex vivo histology.
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