Keywords: Multi-Contrast, CancerTumor grading is the most important single prognostic factor for bladder urothelial carcinoma. In this study, we compared 5 diffusion models for assessing low- and high-grade in bladder urothelial carcinoma, including continuous-time random-walk (CTRW), incoherent motion within the voxel (IVIM), stretched exponential model (SEM), diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and fractional-order calculus (FROC). The study found that CTRW_D, DKI_Dapp, DKI_Kapp, FROC_D, IVIM_D and SEM_DDC were significantly different between low- and high-grade bladder urothelial carcinoma and could distinguish one from the other.
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