Keywords: Heart, CardiovascularIn this study, we aimed to implement and evaluate methods for indirectly prediction of cardiac adverse events inside athletes based on hemodynamic changes in heart and aorta of four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI. The results showed that advanced parameters such as wall shear stress, energy loss and relative differential pressure were increased in athletes' hearts with late gadolinium enhancement and/or cardiac remodeling compared to controls, and the probability of remodeling in the exercising heart could be predicted by predictive models. This suggests that exercise-induced hemodynamic changes could be detected by 4D flow, which could predict the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events.
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