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Abstract #1153

Cellular signatures of microstructural development in the human cerebral cortex

Sila Genc1,2,3, Gareth Ball3, Maxime Chamberland2,4, Erika P Raven2,5, Chantal MW Tax2,6, Joseph YM Yang1,3, Marco Palombo2, and Derek K Jones2
1Neuroscience Advanced Clinical Imaging Service (NACIS), Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, 2Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, 3Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia, 4Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 5Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States, 6Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

Synopsis

Keywords: Normal Development, Microstructure, Development, cortex, childhood, adolescence

Motivation: The adolescent brain has been well described using MRI, revealing ongoing cortical thinning and volume loss. But which underlying cellular properties drive these changes?

Goal(s): To model developmental patterns of soma and neurite architecture in the human cerebral cortex.

Approach: We quantified in vivo cortical neurite and soma microstructure in a sample of children and adolescents aged 8-18 years. We then analysed two human gene expression databases to determine cell-type specific profiles underlying these MR-based changes.

Results: Developmental increases in neurite density and reductions in soma radius suggest increasing cortical oligodendrocyte density, supporting the model of protracted intra-cortical myelination throughout the adolescent period.

Impact: Our novel study suggests that ongoing intracortical myelination underpins developmental patterns of cortical neurite and soma microstructure. Once thought to be driven by synaptic pruning, increasing cortical oligodendrocyte density may underlie previously reported patterns of cortical volume loss in adolescence.

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