Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)1-4 is a method for non-invasively probing metabolism. The major nuclei studied by MRS methods in the heart include 1H (for measures of fat fraction, creatine content, etc), 31P (for measures of energy transport through the creatine-kinase system in the form of ATP, phosphocreatine, and their kinetics, and for determination of pH), 13C (for stable-isotope tracer studies, and more recently with hyperpolarised pyruvate to study glycolysis), and more recently 17O (to trace oxidative respiration) and other nuclei. This lecture provides an overview of the major methods of cardiac spectroscopy and their contributions to biomedicine.
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