Measurement of Glutathione (GSH) Using a Standard STEAM Sequence with Optimized (TE, TM) Parameters: Spectral Simulation, Phantom, and Human Experiments at 3T

Shaolin Yang¹, Yihong Yang¹

Glutathione (GSH) is a major intracellular antioxidant. Due to spectral overlap with other metabolites, spectral editing has been primarily employed to measure GSH. A recent report suggested resolving the GSH resonance at 2.54 ppm using a standard STEAM sequence with optimized (TE, TM) parameters. However, N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), which also yields proton resonances around 2.54 ppm, was ignored. In this study, we extended the (TE, TM) optimization originally proposed in that report by adding NAAG as another overlapping metabolites, and found optimized (TE, TM) parameters for resolved GSH measurement at 3T. Phantom and human experiments were conducted for verification.