A Simplified Spin and Gradient Echo (SAGE) Approach for Brain Tumor Perfusion Imaging

Contrast agent leakage in tumors can severely reduce the reliability of DSC perfusion measures due to competing T ₁ effects. While dual gradient-echo (GE) sequences can provide robust T ₁ -insensitive GE hemodynamic measures, no analogous method exists for T ₁ -insensitive spin-echo (SE) measures. Here, we propose a simplified spin- and gradient-echo (sSAGE) approach that utilizes a combined dual GE and SE sequence and an analytical solution for T ₁ -insensitive ∆R ₂ ^* and ∆R ₂ timecourses. As this approach only requires acquisition and storage of three echoes and does not rely upon computationally demanding non-linear fitting, it could facilitate more rapid clinical translation and adoption of SAGE-based DSC-MRI.

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