While the existing BOLD signal model often use a single-compartmental, empirical relationship among fMRI response, blood flow and neural metabolic demand, some model parameters can only be determined from calibration challenges. In this study, for the first time, the role of intravascular blood motion on BOLD response is evaluated by Monte-Carlo simulation. Combined with an analytical description of extravascular contribution, a unified BOLD signal model without the need for calibration can be established, enabling the quantification of neurovascular coupling efficiency in both goal directed and spontaneous neuronal activations.
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