The aim of this study was to real-time localize the occurrence of secondary ARF and the aggregated bubbles by velocity and vorticity maps. During FUS transmission, the flow velocity and vorticity downstream to the FUS focus increased substantially. By observing the pixel-wise flow behavior in a scatter plot with information of velocity and vorticity, the position of aggregated bubbles could be localized in the regions with decreased velocity and vorticity. In conclusion, we verified the feasibility of using phase-contrast MRI to real-time detect secondary ARF and aggregated bubbles by combining pixel-wise velocity and vorticity information.
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