Low-frequency respiratory and systemic cardiovascular fluctuations can affect vascular oxygenation and manifest in the envelope of cardiac waves. Here, we examined the interaction between the envelope of cardiac waves collected by a piezoelectric (PO) sensor (POE) and fMRI signals, and found that POE may provide unique information about BOLD fluctuations that are not explained by changes of heart rate, respiratory volumes or end-tidal CO2 levels. We also observed that the interaction between fMRI, cardiac, and respiratory measures was relatively stable within individuals, but highly variable across individuals.
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