Navigated free-breathing techniques are commonly used during cardiovascular MR (CMR) acquisitions when breath-holding techniques are not a viable option. Navigated free-breathing techniques with acceptance windows suffer from much longer scan times. A control system using an adaptive Kalman filter was developed to continuously update the slice position throughout the imaging segment during free-breathing CMR, allowing the acquisition to continue throughout the respiratory cycle, regardless of diaphragm position, thereby improving respiratory efficiency and reducing scan times.
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