For dynamic evaluation of musculoskeletal joints including the shoulder and the wrist, continuous and pseudo real-time techniques were developed in 4D (3D acquisition and time) using single shot FSE (SSFSE). Effective echo time (TEeff) of SSFSE was optimized for the contrast at each joint. Advantages of 4D over existing 2D techniques are volume acquisition with thinner slices, crucial in cases of target structures moving out of a single 2D imaging slice. Both continuous and pseudo real-time images permitted depiction of joint movements with good contrast; however, pseudo real-time gives slightly sharper images as compared to continuous real-time images.
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