The effect of real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) training with the left amygdala activity on whole brain regions and their association with symptom reduction was investigated in veterans with combat-related PTSD. The main effect of training was seen in the salience network regions including anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The decrease in ACC response was significantly correlated with a decrease in PTSD symptoms. These results indicated that the effect of rtfMRI-nf training was not limited to the left amygdala but other emotion-related regions were co-modulated during the training. The treatment response could be meditated by those regions.
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