Spatiotemporal (4D) neonatal cortical surface atlases are important tools for understanding the dynamic early brain development. To better preserve the sharpness and clarity of cortical folding patterns on surface atlases, we propose to compute the Wasserstein barycenter under the Wasserstein distance metric, for the construction of 4D neonatal surface atlases at each week from 39 to 44 postmenstrual weeks, based on a large-scale dataset with 764 neonates. Our atlases show sharper and more geometrically-faithful cortical folding patterns than the atlases built by the state-of-the-art method, thus leading to boosted accuracy for spatial normalization and facilitating early brain development studies.
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