Axon diameter mapping using diffusion MRI in the rat corpus callosum was validated using confocal microscopy with a staining for neurofilaments. When confounding factors such as extra-axonal water and dispersion are addressed, the effective MR axon radii are in good quantitative agreement with histology. However, using MRI, we are limited to the estimation of a single metric representing the entire distribution, which has shown to be dominantly sensitive to the largest axons in the voxel volume of interest.
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