Radial MRI is intrinsically more robust to motion than Cartesian sampling; however, if large rotational motion occurs, the uniform sampling of conventional 3D radial acquisitions is disrupted and is difficult to recover retrospectively. The golden angle ratio has been used to generate a quasi-isotropic distribution of spokes over time in 2D, but is limited to fully correct for motion, which occurs in three dimensions. Extending the flexibility of golden-ratio spoke ordering to 3D radial sampling, combined with rigid-body motion tracking using electromagnetic sensors, enables robust retrospective correction by maintaining relatively uniform sampling, even in the presence of large-amplitude rotational motion.
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