In this study, we quantified the dissociation of GBCAs at different ZnCl2 concentrations and the subsequent chelation of Gd3+ to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) like heparin. We showed that the relaxivity of the resulting Gd-GAG complexes is about seven times higher compared to that of GBCAs. Under physiological conditions, we further showed that ~20% of the Gd3+-ions transchelated from linear GBCAs to heparin and that these are accountable for more than 50% of the observed relaxation rate. Therefore, Gd-GAG complexes should be considered as the Gd-containing macromolecular substances with high relaxivity that are needed to explain the observed long-term enhancements in vivo.
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