There are increasing needs to quantify the concentration of gadolinium for use in pharmacokinetic modeling, and traditional MR techniques prove to be inadequate. As an alternative, Time Resolved Fluorescence (TRF) can be used to directly measure the concentration of gadolinium, using a GBCA conjugated to a fluorescent antenna moiety. Here we show that TRF serves as a sensitive and direct approach to quantify the concentration of a sensitized GBCA, as a bifunctional contrast agent.
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