In the current study, we investigate the contribution of non-neuronal and neuronal-related hemodynamic changes to the BOLD signal for micro- and macro-vascular compartments. Vascular reactivity was assessed using CO2 and O2 gas administration, as well as brief visual stimuli, while we used gradient-echo and spin-echo across different cortical depths to specifically target different vascular compartments. We found that gradient-echo responded clearly to the gas challenges, also affecting the neurovascular hemodynamic response function. These effects were not seen for spin-echo, suggesting that the spatiotemporal characteristics of micro-vessels may not solely be affected by vascular properties.
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