Accurately assessing the tumor grades of ccRCC patients has a significant impact on the selection of the optimal surgical intervention. This study evaluated the performance of FROC, DK, bi- and mono-exponential diffusion models in differentiating low- from high-grade ccRCCs. A spectrum of diffusion metrics from the four models, reflecting cellularity, vascularity and microstructure complexity, were compared between these two groups. As a result, the diffusion parameters from the FROC model outperformed the other three models in characterizing ccRCC grades. This implied the FROC diffusion model held the potential in renal tumor diagnosis, grading, treatment decision and monitoring for treatment response.
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