Cell death is an important imaging target for assessing early tumour treatment response and the effectiveness of therapy. We show here that 2H-labelled fumarate can be administered orally to detect cell death and assess early tumour treatment response in a subcutaneous lymphoma (EL4) model. Following oral gavage, 2H spectra were acquired from tumors with a time resolution of 5 min. Within 48h after chemotherapeutic drug (etoposide) treatment the tumor malate/fumarate signal ratios increased similarly to those measured after intravenous injection.
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