Successful cancer therapy depends on an optimal immune response, but noninvasive tools are lacking to monitor this dynamic process. In this proof-of-concept human study, we demonstrated hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MRI of the spleen monitoring the immune activation for cancer patients at the early time point following radiotherapy, by measuring the pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate. The ADC-based cellularity of the spleen, however, did not detect remarkable changes.
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