Difficulties in engineering accurate biomimetic phantoms make it challenging to validate MRI models. This is particularly true for quantitative vascular permeability measurements using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-) MRI, where no robust controllable phantoms are available for validating novel techniques and harmonising multicentre results. We developed 3D-printed biomimetic vascular permeability phantoms with controllable properties and assessed their ability to interrogate common DCE model quantification approaches. Parameters such as blood flow, vascular permeability, plasma volume and extravascular volume were reproduced by adapted 3D-printed material and flow circuit properties. The resulting phantoms were shown to reproduce realistic DCE-MRI signals observed clinically.
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