4D flow MRI provides detailed insight into the alterations of hemodynamic，including quantitative assessment of flow parameters for the venous system. This technique overcomes the missing hemodynamic information of standard magnetic resonance imaging and the invasive disadvantage of digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Through data visualization and quantification, the particle tracking map is obtained and the peak velocities, wall shear stress (WSS) is calculated. The dynamics of venous sinus stenosis will change especially in severe area.
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