Many single-site studies, and increasingly multi-site clinical trials, employ hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI to assess lung structure and function. The lack of reliable imaging 129Xe standards hampers image quantification and rigorous comparisons across research sites. This is particularly true for 129Xe imaging of pulmonary gas-exchange, which must detect the large gaseous resonance and the two, 50-fold-smaller 129Xe dissolved resonances, corresponding to 129Xe dissolved in red bloods cells and adjacent plasma/parenchymal barrier tissues. This work demonstrates the feasibility of constructing practical, thermally-polarized, dissolved-phase 129Xe phantoms that mimic in-vivo resonances and will enable multi-site studies of gas-exchange imaging to be harmonized.
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