Accurately characterizing ccRCC grades with a non-invasive method would be vital for guiding treatment and prognosis. This study evaluated and compared the performance of conventional ADC and the FROC parameters, Dfroc, β, μ, in differentiation of low- and high-grade ccRCC. All the FROC parameters showed better diagnostic performance than ADC in characterizing ccRCC grades, among which β yielded the highest AUC value. This implied the clinical potential of the FROC model in evaluating renal tumor aggressiveness and the dominant role of β in probing tumor heterogeneity and microstructural complexity.
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