This work is based on a well-known MRI property, the transverse relaxation changes of bulk water due to the presence of a solute with water-exchangeable protons. Many molecules can exhibit this ability to change water T2, such as glucose, urea, ammonium chloride, metals and paramagnetic complexes. Here we used the FDA-approved iodinated agent iopamidol (Isovue), widely used for CEST applications, as a T2ex agent to quantify pH in vitro and in vivo, since its –NH groups exhibit pH-dependent exchange rates with water protons. Computed tomography provided iopamidol concentrations to complement the MR relaxometry measurements, allowing determination of pH in vivo.
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