Mitochondrial NADH in vivo: functional test reveals a natural indicator of oxidative phosphorylation in 31P spectrum.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) compartmentation underlies the role of this co-enzyme as a co-factor in oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Here we identify a unique resonance for mitochondrial NADH by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) in vivo. This mitochondrial NADH pool is identified by chemical standards and dynamic changes in the NAD+ and NADH peaks with activation of oxidative phosphorylation in human muscle. The end result is non-invasive detection of NADH in cell vs. mitochondria, which provides sensitive natural indicators of redox compartmentation and oxidative phosphorylation in human tissues in vivo.

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