Physiologically synchronized multi-module pulsed arterial spin labeling (SymPASL) involves pulsed labeling that is applied several times prior to pulsations in the arterial blood supply. Simulations and in vivo measurements in human kidneys demonstrate that SymPASL provides superior SNR and SNR efficiency compared to conventional flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) ASL with a single labeling pulse. Simulations suggest that SymPASL provides comparable SNR and SNR efficiency to pseudo-continuous ASL (PCASL), with lower specific absorption rate (SAR).
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