Checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell transfer and tumor vaccination are different cancer immunotherapies which have demonstrated clinical efficacy in certain patients1-3. All of these therapies require sufficient infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells into the tumor and direct contact with cancer cells. However, the reasons why certain tumors present with high T-cell infiltration while others do not are poorly understood. We therefore set out to assess if imaging vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression in the tumor vasculature could explain some of the observed differences in T-cell infiltration.
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