High level of aerobic glycolysis and an elevated lactate accumulation have been linked to tumour aggressiveness. However, current evidence, mainly based on small animal models or biopsy sections, remains controversial. Since lactate and lipid share the same spectral frequency, conventional MRS is inadequate in measuring lactate under overwhelming lipid signal. Multiple quantum coherence (MQC) MRS allows excellent suppression of lipid even in breast tissues. We applied MQC MRS to measure lactate concentration in grade II and III freshly excised whole human breast tumours to assess if there was a difference between the two groups.
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