Enzymatic conversions can now be measured with hyperpolarized 13C MR on a sub-minute time scale. Using this technology we have shown that renal cell carcinoma cells of varying aggressiveness in 3D culture in bioreactors (5mm NMR tube) can monitor both lactate production and its efflux in real time. Using this platform, we have robustly characterized certain parameters that are difficult to measure in vivo, such as intracellular longitudinal relaxation time and kinetic transport rate. Further validation of these measures were obtained by fitting the same model to data from cells treated with transporter inhibitor.
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